Swallowed fishing gear and plastic most likely cause of Hawaii whale’s death

Swallowed fishing gear and plastic most likely cause of Hawaii whale’s death

Large volumes of traps, nets and marine debris in sperm whale’s intestinal tract highlight plastic pollution’s threat to wildlife

This photo released by the Hawaii department of land and natural resources shows debris found in a dead sperm whale at Lydgate Beach in Kauai.

A sperm whale that washed ashore in Hawaii over the weekend probably died in part because it ate large volumes of fishing traps, fishing nets, plastic bags and other marine debris, scientists said on Thursday, highlighting the threat to wildlife from the millions of tons of plastic that ends up in oceans every year.

The body of the 56ft (17-meter) long, 120,000-pound (54,000kg) animal was first noticed on a reef off Kauai on Friday. High tide brought it ashore on Saturday.

Kristi West, the director of the University of Hawaii’s Health and Stranding Lab, said there were enough foreign objects in the opening of the whale’s intestinal tract to block food.

“The presence of undigested fish and squid lends further evidence of a blockage,” she said in a news release from the Hawaii department of land and natural resources.

The whale’s stomach contained six hagfish traps, seven types of fishing net, two types of plastic bags, a light protector, fishing line and a float from a net. Researchers also found squid beaks, fish skeletons and remains of other prey in the whale’s stomach.

An excavator attempts to free a whale from the shoreline and move it on to Lydgate Beach in Kauai county, Hawaii, on 28 January.

It is the first known case of a sperm whale in Hawaii waters ingesting discarded fishing gear, West said.

The whale’s stomach was so large West’s team was not able to examine it completely. They suspect there was more material they were unable to recover.

Researchers found nothing wrong with other organs they examined. They collected samples to screen for disease and conduct other follow-up tests.

Sperm whales travel across thousands of miles in the ocean so it is not clear where the debris came from.

Scientists say that more than 35m tons (31.9m tonnes) of plastic pollution is produced on Earth each year and about a quarter of that ends up in the water.

Marine debris harms numerous species.

Some of the plastic debris found in a dead sperm whale at Lydgate Beach.

Seabirds can ingest as much as 8% of their body weight in plastic. Endangered Hawaiian monk seals and green sea turtles can get caught in plastic nets and die. Sharks and other apex predators eat smaller fish that feed on microplastic, which can then endanger their own health.

In addition to eating plastics, large whales are harmed when they become entangled in fishing gear or other ropes in the ocean. The drag from debris can force whales to use more energy to swim and make it harder for them to eat, causing starvation.

On Tuesday, marine mammal responders freed a humpback whale that was caught in rope, a bundle of gear and two buoys off the Big Island.

Sperm whales are an endangered species found in deep oceans across the world. A 2021 report from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimated there were about 4,500 sperm whales in the waters around the Hawaiian Islands, from the Big Island in the south to Kure Atoll in the north.

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Reusable Boba Cups: 6 Best Alternatives to Plastic Waste

As plastic waste fills our oceans and landfills, many of us are looking for eco-friendly alternatives in every aspect of our day-to-day lives. Environmentally-conscious boba tea lovers are likely aware of the non-recyclable plastic their favorite drink comes in.

The plastic from boba cups sits in landfills for hundreds of years – in the best-case scenario. The straws, plastic wraps, and cups from these drinks can also end up in oceans and waterways, where they breakdown into microplastics that pollute our waterways and harm wildlife.

Switching to reusable boba cups may not seem like it will have a big impact, but our small steps toward plastic-free lifestyles add up quickly. In this article, we’ll look at six alternatives to single-use boba cups that are eco-friendly, long-lasting, and affordable.

Read on to learn how we chose our eco-friendly alternatives, or jump to our recommendations.

Choosing the Best Reusable Boba Cups

While reducing single-use plastic consumption is already a step in the right direction, it’s important to choose alternatives that are sustainable and socially responsible. We kept these factors in mind when selecting our top picks for reusable boba cups.

Alternative Materials

Many reusable boba cups are still made of plastic, which will eventually end up in landfills after the life of the product. Unfortunately, options for reusable boba cups that are entirely plastic-free are currently limited. While many of our choices contain plastic material, these alternatives minimize plastic usage and use long-lasting materials, including:

  • Glass – Glass products can be recycled at the end of a product’s life, and produce far less greenhouse gas emissions in the production process, making it a cleaner alternative to single-use plastic cups.
  • Recyclable plastics – Many reusable cups still use plastics, so our choices are made from material that’s recyclable, made from recycled material, and durable enough to last years.
  • Silicone – While not biodegradable, this durable material is made from sand, minimizing crude oil consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Cork – Cork is biodegradable and renewable, making it an environmentally-friendly material in reusable cups.
  • Stainless steel – Often used for reusable straws, stainless steel is 100% recyclable and is often sourced from scrap metal. It also produces no toxic runoff in the production process and can be used indefinitely.

These criteria for sustainable materials extend to the lid and the straw of each of our reusable boba cups, which often go overlooked in choosing plastic alternatives.

Safety

Whether single-use or recycled, some plastics contain substances that pose a risk to environmental and human health. Our chosen products are free of chemicals such as:

Social Responsibility

Ethical consumerism is just as important as sustainability. We thoroughly investigated all of our products’ manufacturers to ensure that ethical and sustainable performances were upheld throughout the supply chain.

Quality

The products featured here are not only a standard for sustainability, but quality as well. A key aspect of living sustainably is reducing consumption, and in order to do that you have to choose alternatives that are durable and usable. All of these products are of high-quality design, easy to clean, and long-lasting.

Best Eco-Friendly Boba Tea Cups

Here are our top picks for reusable boba tea cups, organized by material.

Glass Cups

  • 1. Xeiwagoo
  • 2. Hirozaku
  • 3. Retea
  • 4. BobaGO

Tritan Recycled Plastic

  • 5. Dodoko
  • 6. BobaMate

Top Picks

  • Most durable: Dodoko
  • Most affordable: Xeiwagoo
  • Best boba-centric design: Retea
  • Best overall: Retea

Glass Boba Cups

Glass is one of the most sustainable materials available. Made from sand, glass production causes far fewer greenhouse gas emissions than plastic production and can be recycled indefinitely.

1. Xeiwagoo Boba Mason Jar

Xeiwagoo boba mason jar - reusable boba cups
Source: Amazon
  • Materials:
    • Glass jar
    • Stainless steel straw and storage lids
    • Bamboo lid with silicone leak-proof seal
    • Cork sleeve and coaster
  • Volume: 22 Oz
  • BPA Free? Yes
  • Current price: $18.99 for a set of 2 jars
  • Extras: Wooden mixing spoon, straw cleaner, storage lids, absorbent coasters
  • Get this product: Amazon

Xeiwagoo’s glass mason jar-style boba cups are great for both hot and cold drinks, with reusable and easy-to-clean stainless steel straws and bamboo lids. This purchase also comes with storage lids and a wooden spoon for homemade recipes.

The cork sleeve and bamboo lid are both made from sustainable plant-based materials, while the glass jar and stainless steel straws are 100% recyclable.

Pros:

  • Every purchase includes two sets of reusable glass jars, lids, straws, sleeves, and coasters
  • Included are a straw cleaner (great for getting any boba residue out of the straw) and a wooden spoon for mixing homemade boba drinks
  • Glass jars are durable and dishwasher safe

Cons:

  • We noticed that the stainless steel straws are not angled at the ends, making it difficult to pick up boba pearls at the bottom of the container
  • These jars may not be 100% leak-proof, as the lid’s straw opening leaves room for spillage

2. Hirozaku Boba Cup

Hirozaku reusable boba cups
Source: Melissa/Amazon
  • Materials:
    • Borosilicate glass jar
    • Stainless steel straw
    • Bamboo lid with silicone leak-proof seal
    • Neoprene sleeve
  • Volume: 24 Oz
  • BPA Free? Yes
  • Current price: $25.99
  • Extras: Neoprene sleeve and straw cleaner
  • Get this product: Amazon

The sleek design of the Hirozaku boba cup makes this product easy to transport and store. While the neoprene sleeve is made of synthetic material that’s not 100% eco-friendly, it helps maintain temperature control of both hot and cold drinks. 

The borosilicate glass is designed to be durable in the case of dropping the container, and also against temperature changes. Traditional glass can be susceptible to breakage from thermal shock, making them unsafe for dishwashers, hot drinks, or freezer storage, while borosilicate glass can withstand extreme temperature changes.

We love that this glass is tall and thin, making it easy to carry with one hand or pop into a car’s cup holder while you’re on the go.

Pros:

  • Highly durable material that can withstand being dropped and can hold hot and cold drinks
  • The neoprene sleeve is designed to keep drinks chilled and comes with a carrying strap for easy transportation

Cons:

  • The stainless steel straw may be too narrow for larger boba pearls and is not angled, making it difficult to pick up pearls
  • Slightly more expensive than other options

3. Retea Reusable Boba Tea Cup

Retea reusable boba cups
Source: Etsy
  • Materials:
    • Glass jar
    • Stainless steel straw
    • Plastic lid with silicone seal
  • Volume: 23 Oz
  • BPA Free? Yes
  • Current price: $17 USD
  • Extras: Straw cleaner and travel pouch ($4 USD add-on purchase)
  • Get this product: Retea

Retea is a women-owned company that has made it their mission to make boba tea drinks more accessible, affordable, and sustainable. In an effort to minimize their environmental and social impacts, Retea has close communication with their suppliers, asking them to minimize plastic packaging and reuse materials as much as possible. They also sell imperfect materials at a discounted price, instead of sending faulty products to the landfill.

They’ve also partnered with several environmental organizations to offset their carbon emissions, minimize plastic waste, and clean up oceanic plastic.

Want to start making boba drinks at home? Retea also offers a wide selection of at-home bubble tea, coffee, and smoothie kits, with vegan options!

Pros:

  • These cups are dishwasher safe!
  • Every order removes 1 lb of trash from the oceans in Retea’s partnership with TeamSeas
  • Sustainable packaging made with 100% recyclable material and minimized plastic
  • The supply chain is localized in Toronto in partnerships with small local businesses, resulting in more efficient shipping and fewer emissions
  • Retea partakes in carbon emission offsets by donating to Tri-City Forest, which captures 100,000 metric tons of carbon each year and protects 6,500 acres of forest in Canada
  • Straws are angled to pick up boba pearls, and come in a variety of colors. The straws also come with a carrying pouch and a brush to keep them clean

Cons:

  • Lid is made of plastic instead of sustainable or biodegradable material
  • Products ship only to Canada and US
  • We noticed that without a carrying sleeve on the outside, the glass cup can get quite hot with hot drinks, and can get slippery with condensation for cold ones

4. BobaGO Glass Boba Cup

BobaGO glass boba cup - reusable boba cups
Source: Kate/Amazon
  • Materials:
    • Glass jar
    • Stainless steel straw and lid
    • Silicone sleeve and portable plug
  • Volume: 17 Oz
  • Current price: Not currently available
  • Extras: Straw cleaner with travel pouch and at-home recipe book
  • Get this product: Amazon

BobaGO’s reusable glass boba cups come with a recipe book for homemade boba tea, giving you the option for at-home boba drinks. The glass jars come with a sticker of their boba mascot, and the lids come in black and pink options.

We love this cup’s fun and colorful straw, and we noticed that the silicone plug does a pretty good job of avoiding leaks. Just be careful when you put the cup into the dishwasher, as the silicone washer that protects the hole for the straw can come off and get lost.

Pros:

  • Materials of the cup are plastic-free
  • Angled straw with wide diameter for picking up boba pearls
  • Lid screws on for a tight seal

Cons:

  • Glass is not durable enough for hot or boiling drinks.
  • Excessive packaging that uses more plastic than necessary
  • Sticker accessory is likely to come off in the dishwasher
  • Comparatively smaller than other options at 17 OZ

Tritan (Recycled Plastic) Boba Cups

Tritan is a type of recyclable plastic made from 50% recycled plastics and is certified BPA-free. It has the look and feel of glass, but is far more resistant to shattering and heat damage than traditional glassware.

While Tritan is still a non-biodegradable plastic, it does not release microplastics or harmful chemicals as typical plastic bottles do.

5. Dodoko Shatterproof Tritan Boba Cup

Dodoko Shatterproof Tritan Boba Cup -reusable boba cups
Source: Luma/Amazon
  • Materials:
    • Tritan cup
    • Stainless steel collapsable straw 
    • Polypropylene plastic lid
    • Silicone plug
    • Cork sleeve
  • Volume: 24 Oz
  • BPA Free? Yes
  • Current price: $21.98
  • Extras: Straw cleaner and travel pouch
  • Get this product: Amazon

Dodoko’s Shatterproof Boba Cup is made of Tritan plastic, giving it the look and feel of glass while being far more durable. The Tritan cup and Polypropylene lid are both BPA-free, though still made of non-biodegradable plastic.

The silicone plug makes it transportable, and the lid is specifically designed to be completely spill-proof. We noticed that even though these straws aren’t angled at the bottom, it’s still fairly easy to get the boba pearls from the bottom of the cup. 

Pros:

  • Dodoko offers options for carbon offsets through tree plantings
  • Lids come in a variety of colors
  • Collapsible straw for easy storage
  • Far more leak-proof than other options

Cons:

  • Minimal information is given on tree plantings and carbon offsets
  • Materials are durable and recyclable, but still result in high carbon emissions from plastic production

This cup is also available on the Dodoko website. You can also find a stainless steel version, which is slightly more eco-friendly, but harder to use because it’s not see-through.

6. BobaMate Bottle

BobaMate Bottle - reusable boba cups
Source: Kimberly/Amazon
  • Materials:
    • Tritan cup
    • Plastic straw and cap
  • Volume: 25 Oz
  • BPA Free? Yes
  • Current price: $39.99
  • Extras: Straw cleaner
  • Get this product: Amazon

The BobaMate is a versatile boba cup that is designed to fit any number of drinks, both hot and iced. The carrying strap and cap lock make it easy to transport, and the Tritan plastic bottle makes it shatter-resistant and long-lasting. We noticed that this is easily the most leak-proof bottle on our top picks, although the top is a bit more difficult to drink from than others. 

Unlike our other picks, BobaMate uses a plastic straw. While still reusable and easy to clean, this material might not be as long-lasting as other stainless steel options, and is far less sustainable.

Pros:

  • Ships with recyclable and biodegradable packaging
  • Comes in a variety of colors and styles
  • The bottle is versatile and can be used for hot and cold drinks

Cons:

  • The plastic straw is removable but cannot move, making it difficult to pick up boba pearls
  • The mouthpiece is built into the cap and may be difficult to clean as a result
  • The cup is durable and recyclable, but still produces high carbon emissions from plastic production
  • More expensive than other options

You can also buy this reusable boba cup on the BobaMate website.

Top Picks

With so many options for reusable boba cups, it can be hard to decide which is right for you. Here are our top choices for a few different categories.

Most Durable: Dodoko Shatterproof Tritan Cup

While several of our picks use Tritan plastic, Dodoko’s Shatterproof cup is specifically designed to withstand breakage from being dropped or exposed to high temperatures. These cups use polypropylene lids for extra durability and use a tough stainless steel straw.

Most Affordable: Xeiwagoo Boba Mason Jars

Coming at two for the price of one, Xeiwagoo’s Boba Mason Jars are far less expensive than any other option and give you more bang for your buck, with a wooden mixing spoon, absorbent coasters, and two sets of boba cups.

Best Boba-Centric Design: Retea Reusable Boba Tea Cup

Retea is specifically designed with boba in mind, with an angled straw that allows for 360° movement to pick up every last pearl.

Best Overall: Retea Reusable Boba Tea Cup

The Retea Reusable Boba Tea Cup is durable, affordable, and made with sustainable efforts. This company has partnered with multiple environmentally-focused organizations in an effort to curb their carbon emissions, reduce plastic waste, and boost local businesses. As an added bonus, Retea offers a wide variety of boba tea recipes for at-home drinks!

Microplastics are filling the skies. Will they affect the climate?

Recent studies reveal that tiny pieces of plastic are constantly lofted into the atmosphere. These particles can travel thousands of miles and affect the formation of clouds, which means they have the potential to impact temperature, rainfall, and even climate change.

Plastic has become an obvious pollutant over recent decades, choking turtles and seabirds, clogging up our landfills and waterways. But in just the past few years, a less-obvious problem has emerged. Researchers are starting to get concerned about how tiny bits of plastic in the air, lofted into the skies from seafoam bubbles or spinning tires on the highway, might potentially change our future climate.

“Here’s something that people just didn’t think about — another aspect of plastic pollution,” says environmental analytical chemist Denise Mitrano of ETH Zürich University, in Switzerland, who co-wrote an article last November highlighting what researchers know — and don’t yet know — about how plastics can change clouds, potentially altering temperature and rainfall patterns.

Clouds form when water or ice condenses on “seeds” in the air: usually tiny particles of dust, salt, sand, soot, or other material thrown up by burning fossil fuels, forest fires, cooking, or volcanoes. There are plenty of these fine particles, or aerosols, in the skies — a lot more since the Industrial Revolution — and they affect everything from the quality of the air we breath, to the color of sunsets, to the number and type of clouds in our skies.

In 2019, researchers found microplastics in the Pyrenees that had arrived via rain or snowfall.

Until recently, when chemists thought of the gunk in our air, plastics did not leap to mind. Concentrations were low, they thought, and plastic is often designed to be water repellent for applications like bags or clothing, which presumably made them unlikely to seed cloud droplets. But in recent years, studies have confirmed not only that microscopic pieces of plastic can seed clouds — sometimes powerfully — but they also travel thousands of miles from their source. And there are a lot more particles in the air than scientists originally thought. All this has opened researchers’ eyes to their potential contribution to atmospheric murk — and, possibly, to future climate change.

“The people who invented plastics all those decades ago, who were very proud of inventions that transformed society in many ways — I doubt they envisaged that plastics were going to end up floating around in the atmosphere and potentially influencing the global climate system,” says Laura Revell, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand. “We are still learning what the impacts are for humans, ecosystems, and climate. But certainly, from what we know so far, it doesn’t look good.”


Global annual production of plastics has skyrocketed from 2 million tons in 1950 to more than 450 million tons today. And despite growing concerns about this waste accumulating in the environment, production is ramping up rather than slowing down — some oil companies are building up their plastic production capacity as the demand for fossil fuel declines. To date, more than 9 billion tons of plastic has been produced, and about half of it has gone to landfills or been otherwise discarded. Some project that by 2025, 11 billion tons of plastic will have accumulated in the environment.

Plastic has been found in soils, water, crops, and on the ocean floor. And in recent years, several studies have suggested that microplastics (pieces less than 5 millimeters in length) and nanoplastics (smaller than approximately 100 nanometers) were being transported long distances through the air. In 2019, for example, researchers found microplastics in the Pyrenees that had arrived via rain or snowfall. In 2020, Janice Brahney of Utah State University and four coauthors published a high-profile Science paper revealing high amounts of plastic in federally protected areas of the United States. Brahney had found the plastic by accident; she had been looking for phosphorus, but was surprised by all the colorful bits of gunk in her ground-based filters. Her study led to a slew of headlines warning, “It’s raining plastic.”

Brahney’s extensive U.S. dataset also opened the door for modelers to figure out where, exactly, all this plastic was coming from. “It’s a really beautiful data set,” says Cornell University’s Natalie Mahowald, who did the modeling work.

Mahowald took the plastic concentrations Brahney had cataloged and mapped them against atmospheric patterns and known sources of plastics, including roads, agricultural dust, and oceans. On roadways, tires and brakes hurl microplastics into the air. Plastic winds up in agricultural dust, notes Mahowald, in part from plastics used on farm fields and in part because people toss fleece clothing into washing machines: the wastewater flows to treatment plants that separate solids from liquids, and about half the resulting biosolids get sent to farms for use as fertilizer. As for the ocean, Mahowald says, big globs of plastic in places like the Pacific Gyre degrade into microscopic pieces, which then float to the surface and are whipped up into the air by chopping waters and bursting air bubbles.

Plastic bits are now found in human lungs. “We’re definitely breathing them right now,” says a scientist.

Mahowald’s model concluded that over the western U.S., 84 percent of microplastics were coming from roads, 5 percent from agricultural dust, and 11 percent from the oceans. Plastic is so lightweight that even chunks tens of micrometers across — the width of a human hair — can be lofted and blown great distances. The model revealed that some of this plastic was found thousands of miles from its presumed source. The smaller the pieces, the longer they can stay aloft.

While individual bits of plastic may stay in the air for only hours, days, or weeks, there’s so much being kicked up so consistently that there’s always some in the air: enough that plastic bits are now also found in human lungs. “We’re definitely breathing them right now,” says Mahowald.

Working out exactly how much plastic is in our skies is extremely difficult. Most of these studies are done by painstakingly teasing bits of plastic out of filters and examining them under a microscope to get an estimate of shape and color, then using spectroscopic techniques to confirm their source material. The smaller the pieces, the harder they are to identify. Studies can also be plagued by contamination: walking into a lab wearing a fleece sweater, for example, can skew results with shedding plastic microfibers.

Nearly a dozen studies have shown airborne microplastic concentrations ranging from between 0.01 particles per cubic meter over the western Pacific Ocean to several thousand particles per cubic meter in London and Beijing. The cities showing higher levels are probably genuinely more polluted, says Revell, but it’s also true that those studies used a more-sensitive technique that could identify smaller bits of plastic (under 10 micrometers in size). The other studies would have missed such smaller pieces, which made up about half the plastic found in the London and Beijing studies.

Microplastic particles.

Microplastic particles.
a-ts / Alamy Stock Photo

Concentrations of airborne nanoplastics are understood even less. The numbers floating around today, says atmospheric chemist Zamin Kanji, Mitrano’s colleague at ETH Zürich, are likely to be “significantly underestimated.”

For now, the proportion of plastics to total airborne aerosols is tiny, so plastics aren’t contributing much to aerosol climate impacts, says Mahowald. Even in London and Beijing, plastic may account for only a millionth of the total aerosols. But plastic production, and the accumulation of plastic in the environment, keeps going up. Says Mahowald, “It’s only going to get worse.”

That’s especially true in less polluted regions — like over the oceans of the Southern Hemisphere, Kanji says. Since plastic can likely travel farther than other, denser aerosols, it could become a dominant airborne pollutant in more pristine areas. Brahney and Mahowald’s paper concludes that plastic currently makes up less than 1 percent of anthropogenic aerosols landing on the ground but they could, “alarmingly,” make up more than 50 percent of the aerosols landing on some parts of the ocean downwind from plastic sources.

Exactly how aerosols affect climate has been a critical sticking point in climate models, and many of the details are still unknown. Different aerosols can change the climate by either reflecting or absorbing sunlight, which can depend, in part, on their color. Black soot, for example, tends to have a warming effect, while salt reflects and cools. Aerosols can land on the ground and change the albedo, or reflectivity, of ice and snow.

In the lab, preliminary tests show that battered plastic pieces can be potent cloudmakers.

Aerosols also affect cloud formation: different bits and pieces can seed more and smaller droplets of water or ice, making for different types of clouds at different elevations that last for different amounts of time. High-altitude, thin, icy clouds tend to warm the Earth’s surface like a blanket, while low-altitude, bright and fluffy clouds tend to reflect sunlight and cool the Earth.

Though tiny, aerosols have an oversized influence on climate. The murk of anthropogenic aerosols in the sky has, overall, had a dramatic cooling effect since the Industrial Revolution (without them, global warming would be 30 to 50 percent greater than it is today). And they have more sway on extreme weather than greenhouse gases do: a world warmed by removing aerosols would have more floods and droughts, for example, than a world warmed the same amount by CO2.

Revell and her colleagues took a stab at trying to model how microplastics might affect temperature by either reflecting or absorbing sunlight, a calculation of what’s known as “radiative forcing.” For simplicity’s sake, they assumed that plastic is always clear, even though that’s not true (and darker material tends to absorb more sunlight), and that the global concentration is uniformly one particle per cubic meter, which is on the order of 1,000 times lower than concentrations measured in, say, London.

With those assumptions, Revell found that plastic’s direct impact on radiative forcing is “so small as to be insignificant.” But, importantly, if concentrations reach 100 particles per cubic meter (which they already have in many spots), plastics could have about the same magnitude of radiative forcing as some aerosols already included in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessments. In other words, plastics become noteworthy. But whether they would warm, or cool, the Earth is unknown.

Sources of airborne microplastics in the western U.S.

Sources of airborne microplastics in the western U.S.
Brahney et al.

Aerosols often have a greater impact on the climate through their influence on clouds. Pristine plastic beads, Kanji notes, repel water and so are unlikely to affect clouds. But plastic can “age” in a matter of hours, says Kanji, during its transit to the sky: it can be abraded, or it can accumulate salt from the ocean and other chemicals from the atmosphere, all of which can make the particles more water-loving. Plastic pieces can also contain nooks and crannies, which aid in the formation of ice.

In the lab, Kanji’s student Omar Girlanda has run preliminary tests showing that under such battered conditions, plastic pieces can be potent cloudmakers. “Some of them are as good as mineral dust particles,” says Kanji, “which is the most well-known, effective ice nucleus out there.”

Kanji says skies heavily polluted with plastic will probably make both more high-altitude ice clouds, which tend to warm the Earth’s surface, and more low-altitude water clouds, which tend to cool the Earth. Which effect will dominate is unknown. “It doesn’t make sense to model it at the moment, given the poor estimates we have of [atmospheric] plastic,” says Kanji. Plastic could also affect precipitation patterns: in general, Kanji says, clouds that are more polluted tend to last longer before bursting into rain than do less polluted clouds, and then they rain more heavily.

Revell and her colleagues are now whittling down the assumptions in their paper, working out more detailed calculations for more realistic estimates of plastic concentrations, colors, and sizes. “All we know is that the problem is not going to go away anytime soon,” she says. “These plastics are incredibly long lived. They’re breaking down, and they’re going to be forming new microplastics for centuries. We just don’t know how big the problem is that we’ve committed ourselves to.”

Nets, plastic, underwater crime

We’ve all seen them. Images of countless turtles, whales, dolphins, sharks, and seals, dead and entangled in abandoned fish nets. The ocean is becoming an increasingly dangerous place for its inhabitants. And not because of the ‘eat or be eaten’ laws of nature – but because just by nature of being a creature that swims, you’re likely to eat plastic that may kill or maim you, or end up trapped and entangled in a net, left to struggle in an unnatural death until you starve, suffocate, or become prey.

It’s one thing to talk about statistics and science, but the violence, pain and suffering our throwaway plastic culture has caused is something that can’t be measured in numbers.

The ocean has become a crime scene. Currently, there are an estimated 50-75 trillion pieces of plastic and microplastics in the ocean. The plastic either ends up forming giant garbage patches, or breaking down into microplastics.

Plastic waste makes up 80% of all marine pollution and an estimated 8-10 million metric tons of plastic waste end up in the ocean every year. If current trends continue, by 2050, plastic is expected to outweigh all fish in the sea.

Imagine going for a seaside holiday and swimming in an ocean of plastic? Imagine a sea devoid of life – the magnificent underwater world destroyed because we treated the ocean like a giant garbage dump?

In just the last decade, humanity produced more plastic than it did in the last century. In most supermarkets, fruit and vegetables are wrapped in single-use plastic packaging, but every piece of single-use plastic takes between 500 -1,000 years to degrade. And when it degrades, it does not decompose, it becomes microplastics which are poisonous to animals and humans.

The Environmental Protection Agency has stated that 100% of all plastics human beings have created still exist.

One of the most harmful types of marine plastic debris is abandoned, lost, discarded fishing gear. About 640 thousand tons of fishing equipment get dumped into the ocean each year, not only entrapping marine life, according to researchers from the WUN Global Research Group, “there is chemical contamination with disruptive effects on marine species. As a result, human health is also impacted, with marine litter serving as a vehicle for diseases that contaminate the food chain.

“The problem is more visible in Asian countries like Taiwan, which has one of the world’s largest fishing fleets. In Taiwan, an average of 12.7 m3 of marine litter accumulates per kilometer along the coastline, 70% of which is caused by fishing gear.”

Each year, an estimated 100,000 sea animals are killed by plastic, around 90% of seabirds have eaten plastic, and one in every three sea turtles.

In a study that examined how to stop fishing gears from turning into ocean waste, scientists recommend not only better monitoring and managing of data on fishing gear waste streams by governments, but also regular meetings between stakeholders including the fishery sector, government agencies and non-governmental organisations to share knowledge and work towards implementing solutions for more sustainable fisheries.

Ocean plastic removal initiatives range from The Ocean Clean up, which aims to remove 90% of the plastic in the ocean both by scaling solutions to remove debris from the ocean and to intercept plastic in rivers before it reaches the ocean.

1% of the world’s rivers – 1,000 rivers – are responsible for 80% of the plastic that flows into the oceans, so stopping plastic trash has to start with cleaning up rivers.

Ocean plastic removal initiatives like non-profit organisation The Ocean Clean up have developed a range of interceptor solutions to tackle the plastic trash in rivers, from building a simple ‘trash fence’ across a river to high-tech, solar powered filtration systems. The Ocean Clean up has removed an impressive 2 million kilos of trash so far.

A sailor and surfer led Dutch startup created a low-cost, low-tech solution for stopping plastic trash from entering the oceans. The Great Bubble Barrier’s (GBB) beauty is in its simplicity: a perforated tube is embedded on riverbeds, creating a curtain of bubbles which gently nudges waste to the riverbank where it can be collected.

Ichthion was first developed at London’s Imperial College. The company has developed three types of technologies to remove plastics from rivers and oceans: a barrier for plastic capture in rivers, a plastic extraction system for marine environments, and a technology which can be retrofitted to large ships for plastic removal.

River Cleaning designed a diagonal line of floating rotating cog-type devices that pass the waste along the chain until it reaches a storage area by the river bank. This ingenious technique uses the flow of water in the river to spin the cogs – so no power is required.

And while upscaling ocean clean up solutions is urgently needed in coming years, the challenge remains to tackle the problem at its root cause.

Searious Business helps companies adapt their plastic packaging towards more sustainable supply chains and business models, while innovative startups like Apeel and Geno are bringing plant-based alternatives to plastic to disrupt plastic packaging and the plastic-based fast fashion industries.

The movement to include rescuing the ocean as part of our global efforts to tackle climate action is growing. Leaders from Australia, Canada, Chile, Fiji, Ghana, Indonesia, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Namibia, Norway, Palau and Portugal have joined forces to form the High-Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy to accelerate ocean protection in policy, governance and finance. The ocean as we know it is a ticking time bomb – an accumulating trap of debris and toxins that are being carried into and poisoning the food chain. But hope stems from the growing awareness and accountability for how human survival depends on our ability to care for and protect the natural world.

Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia do little to solve waste problem

PRIBOJ, Serbia (AP) — In southwest Serbia, construction machines are being repurposed to clear tons of waste clogging the Potpec lake.

Year after year during the winter months, the lake near the southwest Serbian town of Priboj fills with tons of garbage such as plastic bottles, rusty barrels, dead animals and even furniture or home appliances.

That’s because the Lim river feeding into the lake swells during the winter months and sweeps up trash from dozens of illegal landfills along its banks, as it flows from Montenegro to Serbia.

It’s much the same in neighboring Bosnia’s Drina river into which the Lim eventually flows. The problem spans decades and stems from poor waste management and a general lack of environmental protection safeguards across the Balkans.

Workers clearing the garbage with small cranes at the Potpec lake this week said the machines often break down because there is simply too much trash. Moreover, the cranes just weren’t designed to pick up large chunks of wood or heavy washing machines from the water.

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“You would not believe the things people throw into the river,” said Milan Visic, a tugboat pilot. “It is in fact much better now than it was before because we cleaned up a lot.”

The workers say they have collected some 10,000 cubic meters (more than 353,000 cubic feet) of waste since early December. But their job is far from over as much more garbage remains piled up in the lake. .

Officials from Serbia, Bosnia and Montenegro have on several occasions pledged to work together to solve the problem affecting their shared rivers but little has been done in reality.

All three countries are aspiring to join the European Union and are expected to do more for to protect their environment if their accession bids are to move forward. Another pressing issue is the extremely high level of air pollution affecting a number of cities in the region.

The garbage problem is evident everywhere – piles of waste dot hills and valleys, trash lines roads and plastic bags twist from tree branches. Compounding the problem is that collected trash is simply dumped in a landfill and recyclables are hardly ever seperated.

Environmental activists say tough action is needed now.

“For a start, heavy fines should be slapped,” for throwing waste around, said Sinisa Lakovic of the local Jastreb group.

Michigan announces first settlement of 2020 PFAS litigation

Michigan has reached its first settlement in a series of lawsuits over PFAS contamination.

PFAS are a group of chemicals known for the long time they take to break down. Some kinds have been linked to certain cancers.

Under the agreement announced Monday, the plastics company Asahi Kasei Plastics North America (APNA) will have to pay for the full cost of cleanup in Livingston County. Those could total in the millions.

It will also have to pay for the state’s legal fees.

During a media briefing, Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel said she hopes this settlement will lead other companies to follow suit.

“It’s a really simple policy. You made the mess, you clean it up. The end. That’s what we’re looking for,” Nessel said.

Two of the state’s PFAS litigation cases remain pending in state court while others, including lawsuits against 3M and DuPont have been wrapped up in multi-district litigation.

Nessel told reporters Asahi Kasei’s case became separate because the company wanted to settle.

When asked for a comment, an APNA spokesperson pointed to the company’s partnership with the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy outlined in the consent degree.

“Our President and Chief Operating Officer, Todd Glogovsky, would like to stress that APNA is a proud Michigan employer with deep ties to the local community. We are committed to protecting and preserving our State’s environment and acting as a responsible corporation and member of the community,” the spokesperson said in an email.

The extent of possible contamination within Livingston County is unknown. It will be Asahi Kasei’s responsibility under the settlement to pay for the costs of investigation.

Michigan Assistant Attorney General Polly Synk said she’s not sure how long it will take the state resolve the issue. She estimated it probably will take longer than “a couple months,” but she doesn’t anticipate it stretching endless years.”

“This is an area where EGLE knows the groundwater, they know the depth of groundwater, they know the flow, so there’s a lot known. But once you find it, these are forever chemicals so sometimes treatment can take a long time, even when once you have a handle on the situation,” Synk said.

Some environmental groups are celebrating the agreement as a milestone in the fight against PFAS contamination.

Tony Spaniola co-chairs the Great Lakes PFAS Action Network. He said he’s most encouraged by the state’s commitment to bring PFAS cases to trial if need be.

“It’s like saying, ‘You know what? We have a police force that’s actually going to enforce the law.’ And so, we ought to all be feeling a little safer because of that. That doesn’t mean that we’re all set and we’re out of the woods because there’s a whole bunch of other lawsuits going on,” Spaniola said.

He said another main piece of the settlement he believes should get more attention is that affected community members get to weigh in on Asahi Kasei’s remediation action plan.

Spaniola stressed Michigan needs to address statute-of-limitations laws that prevent some affected communities from pursuing polluters in court. He also said the state should strengthen its polluter-pay laws as well.

5 Best Biodegradable Alternatives to Plastic Bags

As the quest for more sustainable living continues, biodegradable bags have come to the forefront of the conversation. Unlike regular plastic bags, biodegradable bags decompose gradually and naturally over time, helping to reduce their environmental impact. 

Whether you’re grocery shopping, packing a picnic lunch, or even taking items to the beach, having a reliable and eco-friendly bag option is essential. But with so many biodegradable alternatives to plastic bags today, what are your best options? Well, we’ve done all the hard work for you and identified five top-notch biodegradable plastic bags currently on the market! Read on as we explore how each one performs and which bag might be ideal for your needs.

What Type of Plastic Is Best for Biodegradable Plastic Bags?

There are two common types of biodegradable plastic that are suitable for creating biodegradable plastic bags, oxo-biodegradable plastic and hydro-biodegradable plastic. These two types of plastic need to undergo chemical and biological processes in order to decompose naturally. However, oxy-biodegradable plastic is still made from fossil fuels, and only hydro-biodegradable plastic bags are certified compostable. That’s why we’ve only recommended biodegradable alternatives to plastic bags made from hydro-biodegradable plastic.

What Is Hydro-Biodegradable Plastic?

Hydro-biodegradable plastic is commonly made of bio-based or plant-based materials, like corn, sugarcane, wheat, and more. This type of biodegradable plastic will break down into smaller pieces when exposed to water in a process called hydrolysis. 

Once hydro-biodegradable plastics deteriorate, microorganisms will begin to consume them until they decompose. The biodegradation process of hydro-biodegradable plastic is quicker than oxo-biodegradable plastic, making this type of plastic a better option.

Unlike oxo-biodegradable, hydro-biodegradable plastics are certified compostable and can be composted through conventional composting facilities. 

Keep reading to learn more about our recommendation criteria, or skip to our product recommendation. 

How We Choose the Best Biodegradable Plastic Bags

Materials

  • As discussed above, we chose biodegradable plastic bags made only of hydro-biodegradable plastic.

We also made sure that we recommend products that are certified by one of the following biodegradability standards:

  • BPI certified, which means they meet the Biodegradable Products Institute’s standards for compostable and biodegradable materials.
  • ASTM D5511 standard, which means the bags can break down using anaerobic biodegradation (microbes will break them down in areas where oxygen isn’t present).

Quality and Durability

We picked biodegradable plastic bag brands that are durable and can provide the same or better performance as standard plastic bags while being more eco-friendly.

Biodegradable Plastic Bags

Biodegradable plastic bags are becoming more common nowadays, so you can already find them in many conventional grocery stores. But to ensure that you are buying the right product, we’ve reviewed the most popular biodegradable alternatives to plastic bags on the market to find the highest quality and most sustainable ones.

Biodegradable Plastic Bags

Top Picks

1. BioBag – 100% Certified Compostable Shopping Bags (Small)

  • Plastic type: Hydro-biodegradable Plastic
  • Materials: Starches, cellulose, and vegetable oils
  • Size: 15″ W x 17″ H
  • Current price: $89.40 for a pack of 600 pcs. ($0.15 each)
  • Get this product: Amazon

BioBag Compostable Shopping Bags are made of Mater-Bi bioplastics. These BPI-certified plastics are made of renewable raw materials such as starches, cellulose, and vegetable oils that are made from 100% non-GMO crops. These materials can biodegrade in as short as just 9 months to 1 year after disposal with the help of microorganisms found in soil and water. These biodegradable plastic bags are also 100% certified compostable and can be composted together with food waste in municipal or industrial facilities. 

BioBag Compostable Shopping Bags are as strong as non-biodegradable plastic bags and can handle up to 10 pounds of goods without breaking! You can use them for everything from grocery trips to kitchen waste, and make a great overall alternative to traditional non-biodegradable plastic bags.

Cons:

  • BioBag Compostable Shopping Bags have a minimum bulk purchase of 600 bags, which is not ideal for the average shopper and may be too pricey for people who don’t need a lot of plastic bags.

You can get find more biodegradable plastic bag products on the BioBag website. Looking for a bigger size? BioBag also sells a variety of biodegradable plastic bag sizes, such as regular and large versions. 

2. UNNI – Compostable Bags with Handles

unni compostable bags - biodegradable alternatives to plastic bags
Source: AspieMom/Amazon
  • Plastic type: Hydro-biodegradable Plastic
  • Materials: Plant-based starch 
  • Size: 16.3″ W x 22″ H
  • Current price: $8.95 for a pack of 50 pcs. ($0.18 each)
  • Get this product: Amazon

UNNI Compostable Bags with Handles are made of plant starch, making them 100% natural and non-toxic. In addition to BPI certification, UNNI Compostable Bags are also OK Compost Home certified. This means that you can compost this biodegradable plastic bag in your home!

UNNI Compostable Bags with Handles are large enough to carry 2.6 gallons of products, and the handles are strong enough to hold everything up without ripping off. We also noticed that this disposable plastic bag is thicker than many regular non-biodegradable plastic bags. Finally, we love the refillable bag dispenser that comes with the bags, which makes it easy to pull out the bags whenever you need them and keep them organized when you don’t.

Cons:

  • We’ve noticed that UNNI Compostable Bags have a corn-like odor that you might want to avoid mixing with your fresh produce directly.

You can get these UNNI Compostable Bags with Handles on their website. UNNI Compostable Bags with Handles are also available in bigger sizes with 13 gal capacity and an extra thick no handle version of biodegradable plastic bags.

3. BEIDOU-PAC – 100% Compostable Trash Bags with Handle

  • Plastic type: Hydro-biodegradable Plastic
  • Materials: PBAT and PLA 
  • Size: 18.3″ W x 22″ H
  • Current price: $17.99 for a pack of 100 pcs. ($0.18 each)
  • Get this product: Amazon

BEIDOU-PAC Compostable Trash Bags with Handle are made of two materials: PBAT, a  fully biodegradable and non-toxic petro-based plastic, and PLA, a plant-based plastic made from vegetable starch. These materials are both biodegradable and compostable making the BEIDOU-PAC bag better for the environment. Additionally, BEIDOU-PAC Compostable Trash Bags are BPI certified.

BEIDOU-PAC Compostable Trash Bags are one of the most durable biodegradable plastic bags that we’ve found on the market. Despite its seemingly small size, once you unfold it, this disposable plastic bag can hold up to 3 gals of products without ripping. Additionally, we love this bag’s pre-set “breakpoints”, which make it easy to cut individual plastic bags off the roll separately. This helps avoid overstretching the plastic bag or breaking it when pulling it off.

Cons:

  • This is the only size option; BEIDOU-PAC Compostable Trash Bags have no smaller or larger versions available.

If you’re looking for a flat top (no handle) design, BEIDOU-PAC also sells a flat top version of this biodegradable plastic bag. 

4. BioRift – Eco Friendly T Shirt Grocery Bags

biorift t-shirt grocery bags - biodegradable alternatives to plastic bags
Source: Amazon
  • Plastic type: Hydro-biodegradable Plastic
  • Materials: Bioplastic Resin 
  • Size: 12″ W x 22″ H
  • Current price: $42.95 for a pack of 250 pcs. ($0.17 each)
  • Get this product: Amazon

BioRift Eco Friendly T Shirt Grocery Bags are produced from bioplastic resin derived from renewable agricultural resources like vegetables. Although the BioRift Eco Friendly T Shirt Grocery Bags are not BPI certified, they have been scientifically tested and passed the ASTM D5511 – a standard anaerobic (no oxygen) biodegradation test method for plastic in landfills. This plastic bag will biodegrade completely within 4 years. 

BioRift Eco Friendly T Shirt Grocery Bags are our selection’s thickest biodegradable plastic bags. They provide the same feel and durability as regular thick plastic bags. Another feature that distinguishes this biodegradable plastic bag from our other choices is that it is recyclable.

Cons:

  • BioRift Eco Friendly T Shirt Grocery Bags are not compostable. 

Looking for a different style? BioRift also sells a “Thank You” bag version of these biodegradable plastic bags, which may be more suitable for commercial use.

5. Responsible Products – Certified Compostable SANDWICH Resealable Zip Bag

  • Plastic type: Hydro-biodegradable Plastic
  • Materials:  Bamboo, sugarcane, corn, and cellulose
  • Size: 6.7″ W x 6.8″ H
  • Current price: $13.46 for a pack of 50 pcs. ($0.27 each)
  • Get this product: Amazon

If you’re looking for a durable and eco-friendly zip bag to store your sandwiches or fresh produce in, Responsible Products’ compostable zip bag might be the best biodegradable plastic bag for you. It is BPI certified and made entirely from bio-based renewable materials like bamboo, sugarcane, corn, and cellulose. 

Responsible Products’ compostable zip bag is also washable and freezer safe, perfect for keeping your food fresh in the refrigerator. We also noticed that the zip closure seals very tightly, and is even easier than most non-biodegradable Ziploc bags. Additionally, the bag’s thick construction makes it durable enough to last for more than a single use. 

Cons:

  • The hazy color design of Responsible Products’ biodegradable zip bag can make it difficult to tell what product is inside at first glance unless you put labels on it.

You can also find this product on the Responsible Products website. Need a different size? Responsible Products also sells these biodegradable resealable bags in a variety of sizes, including snack bags, quart bags, and storage bags.

Top Picks

Finding it hard to decide? Let our top picks help you out.

Most Durable: BioBag

We chose BioBag as the most durable biodegradable plastic bag because it can carry 10 pounds of goods without breaking!

Most Affordable: UNNI 

At $8.95 for 50 biodegradable plastic bags, these bags are only $0.18 each. Although other brands we’ve picked do have slightly cheaper “per piece” prices, you have to buy a minimum set of hundreds or thousands of bags, making them less affordable for the average shopper.

If you are looking to buy in bulk, BioBags are the cheapest per bag, at $89.40 for a pack of 600 pcs ($0.15 each).

Best Quality: BioRift

We chose BioRift as the best quality biodegradable reusable bag. They are extremely durable and have the thickest quality of all of our picks. They outperform standard non-biodegradable plastic bags in terms of quality, performance, and capacity. Furthermore, BioRift is not only biodegradable but also recyclable, boosting its sustainability potential.

Plastic Cup Alternatives: 5 Best Eco-Friendly Disposable Cups

Globally, we throw away around 500 billion plastic cups every single year. This is equivalent to every single person on the planet throwing away around 71 plastic cups per year. While this may not sound like that many cups, the environmental impact of disposable cups adds up quickly; most of these plastic cups end up in landfills or in the ocean and can stay there for centuries.

You probably know that plastic disposable cups aren’t good for the environment. However, you might not know that there are more eco-friendly disposable cup options available to you! In this article, we will review 5 of the best eco-friendly disposable cups on the market today.

Read on to learn how we chose the most eco-friendly disposable cups or skip to our product recommendations.

How We Picked the Best Eco-Friendly Disposable Cups

We’ve searched the market and read hundreds of reviews to find the best eco-friendly disposable cups. All of our picks strictly conform to our criteria for sustainable and ethically-made products.

Keep reading to learn more about our criteria below.

Materials

While most disposable cups are not as sustainable as cups that you reuse time and time again, we made sure to identify disposable cups that have low impacts on the environment when produced or disposed of. We chose materials that are as sustainable as possible, such as:

  • Plant-based plastic
  • Paper
  • Bamboo

Additionally, we chose only products that are certified by the Biodegradable Products Institute (BPI), which means that these products meet BPI standards for compostable and biodegradable materials.

Safety

Just because a cup is sustainably-produced doesn’t necessarily mean it’s also non-toxic. That is why we chose products that are 100% safe and free of toxic chemicals found in some plastic cups such as BPA, melamine, and phthalates.

Manufacturer’s Ethical & Sustainable Practices

We believe that products cannot be sustainable if they are not produced in an ethical manner. We thoroughly investigated each manufacturer’s practices to see if they provide an ethical workplace and take sustainability into account throughout their supply chain. We also investigated to see whether they are involved in any programs that directly benefit the environment.

Quality

One of the main factors that makes people stick with plastic products is their durability. To ensure that we’re recommending the right product for you, we chose non-plastic disposable cups that are actually more durable than regular single-use plastic cups. These cups won’t crumble in your hand or disintegrate when you put liquid in.

Best Eco-Friendly Disposable Cups

Best Eco-Friendly Disposable Cups

Plant-Based PLA

  • 1. Eco-Products – Green Stripe Cold Cups
  • 2. Repurpose – Compostable Cold Cups

Paper

  • 3. World Centric – No Tree Paper Hot Cups
  • 4. Ecotainer – Hot Cups Carte Blanc

Bamboo

  • 5. Earth’s Natural Alternative – Compostable Cups

Top Picks

  • Most Durable and Sturdy: Earth’s Natural Alternative
  • Most Affordable: Ecotainer
  • Best Overall: Earth’s Natural Alternative

Plant-Based PLA

Plant-based PLA is a type of bioplastic made from plant sugars. It is a more sustainable material than conventional plastic because it is compostable and will degrade within only 12 days in a composting facility. Here are our top disposable cup recommendations made of plant-based plastics.

1. Eco-Products – Green Stripe Cold Cups

  • Material: Plant-Based PLA
  • Volume: 12 Oz
  • BPA Free? Yes
  • BPI standard certified? Yes
  • Current price: $193.91 for a case of 1,000 pcs. ($0.20 per cup)
  • Get this product: Amazon

Eco-Products’ Green Stripe cold cups are made from 100% plant-based PLA. Not only are these cups 100% compostable, but they are 100% renewable, meaning they’re derived from plants that regrow quickly.

Aside from being eco-friendly, these disposable cups are actually sturdier than regular plastic cups that are commonly available in the market. Multiple reviewers note that they prefer these to conventional plastic cups.

Importantly, these cups don’t alter the taste of the drinks, unlike some other disposable cups we’ve tried. The size is perfect for serving drinks on nearly every occasion. Plus, when your guests see the logo print on these cups, they’ll immediately know that these cups are better for the environment. 

Pros:

  • The cup is perfect for cold drinks, although you may experience some condensation on the outside of the cup.
  • Eco-Products has helped over 25 food service operators achieve their zero-waste goals.
  • Eco-Products recently expanded access to commercial composting in 3 states: Alabama, Alaska, and Texas. 
  • Eco-Products has a dedicated Justice Equity Diversity Inclusion Team (JEDI), which works on advancing equity and inclusion within their workplace.

Cons:

  • These cups are not good for hot drinks.

You can also find Eco-Products Green Stripe cups on the Eco-Products website. Looking for another size? Eco-Products also sells a variety of cup sizes, such as 16 Oz and 9 Oz versions. 

2. Repurpose – Compostable Cold Cups

  • Material: Plant-Based PLA
  • Volume: 12 Oz
  • BPA Free? Yes
  • BPI standard certified? Yes
  • Current price: $9.99 for a pack of 20 pcs. ($0.50 per cup)
  • Get this product: Amazon

Repurpose Compostable Cold Cups are made entirely of plant-based PLA and printed with vegetable-based ink, making them completely natural. Additionally, the packaging of these cups is recyclable, maximizing the product’s sustainability.

These cups are as strong and convenient as disposable plastic cups, and they are extremely flexible – you can bend these cups without worrying about breaking or cracking. Another thing that makes these cups special is their unique shape. We noticed that the shape of the rim makes these cups quite stable, so you don’t have to worry about spills.

Pros:

  • Repurpose ensured that their cups are biodegradable on land, in freshwater, and in the ocean, and will not harm marine life if it does end up in the ocean.
  • Repurpose calculates their environmental impact and works to lower the carbon footprint of every product’s manufacturing and delivery. 

Cons:

  • These cups will deform a bit in direct sunlight when left in the sun too long.
  • These cups are more expensive, especially when compared to paper options.

If you’re looking for a larger size, Repurpose Compostable Cold Cups are also available in 16 Oz.  You can also find Repurpose compostable cups on their website.

Paper

Every year, around 16 billion paper cups are consumed worldwide, causing the loss of approximately 6.5 million trees annually. However, when sourced sustainably, paper can be one of the most eco-friendly materials for disposable cups, due to its fast biodegradation process. Here are our top disposable paper cup recommendations.

3. World Centric – No Tree Paper Hot Cups

World Centric No Tree Paper Hot Cups - eco friendly cups
Source: Amazon
  • Material: Paper and corn-based PLA lining
  • Volume: 12 Oz
  • BPI standard certified? Yes
  • Current price: $255 for a pack of 2,000 pcs. ($0.13 per cup)
  • Get this product: Amazon

World Centric “No Tree” Paper Hot Cups are made from bagasse, a shredded sugar cane fiber, rather than trees. This makes the “No Tree” paper hot cups quite sustainable, as no trees are cut down to make this paper. Additionally, the cup’s lining is made from corn-based PLA instead of plastic, so these cups are fully recyclable and compostable – not to mention non-toxic.

These cups are sturdy and perfect for both warm and cold beverages. We noticed that the construction of these paper cups is stronger than the regular paper cups in the market, which helps them hold up longer. This is likely due to the plant-based PLA lining on the inside. 

Pros:

  • World Centric uses bio-based materials like bagasse to make their products. This material requires less energy in production than plastic-based disposable products. 
  • World Centric collaborates with a variety of environmental and social organizations that implement carbon sequestration projects and local community engagement programs.

Cons:

  • These paper cups can get too warm to hold when containing very hot beverages. But World Centric also offers cup sleeves for extra hand protection.

You can also find World Centric No Tree Paper Hot Cups on their website. Looking for size varieties? World Centric also sells a variety of ‘No Tree” cup sizes, such as 16 Oz, 10 Oz, 8 Oz, 6 Oz, and 4 Oz versions. 

4. Ecotainer – Hot Cups Carte Blanc

  • Material: Paper and corn-based PLA lining
  • Volume: 12 Oz
  • BPI standard certified? Yes
  • Current price: $135.44 for a pack of 1,000 pcs. ($0.14 per cup)
  • Get this product: Amazon

Carte Blanc Hot Cups by Ecotainer are constructed entirely of natural materials. They’re made of sustainably sourced paper and are coated with corn-based PLA for moisture resistance. Additionally, the packaging of these cups is made from recyclable polyolefin thermoplastic, which you can dispose of in your local recycling facilities. 

These disposable cups are perfect for hot beverages. The corn-based PLA coating helps to reduce heat from inside the cup, preventing your hands from being burned. We also like how it’s a little bigger in diameter than other disposable cups, making them perfect if you like your latte art in an eco-friendly disposable cup!

Pros:

  • Ecotainer cups are sourced from sustainably managed forests.
  • Ecotainer cups are cheaper than our other top picks.
  • These cups are durable enough to withstand boiling water without losing their form or getting too hot.
  • These cups are freezer and refrigerator-safe.

Cons:

  • Because of these cups’  size and form, it may be difficult to handle for those with smaller hands or children.
  • Lids are sold separately.

You can also get Ecotainer hot cups Carte Blanc on Green Paper Products website.
Looking for a different size of this cup? Ecotainer Carte Blanc Hot Cups are also available in 10 Oz, and 8 Oz versions. 


Bamboo

Bamboo is an extremely sustainable material due to its ability to regenerate quickly. Bamboo also produces around 30% more oxygen than trees, and can sequester around two times more carbon dioxide. Here are our top recommendations for disposable cups made from bamboo.

5. Earth’s Natural Alternative – Compostable Cups

  • Material: Bamboo and plant-based PLA lining
  • Volume: 12 Oz
  • BPA Free? Yes
  • BPI standard certified? Yes
  • Current price: $24.99 for a pack of 80 pcs. ($0.31 per cup)
  • Get this product: Amazon

Earth’s Natural Alternative Compostable Cups are made from 100% bamboo fiber and coated with plant-based PLA, making them all-natural, toxin-free, and sustainable. 

These cups are the most durable our top recommendations, as bamboo fiber is known for its sturdiness. Earth’s Natural Alternative cups are perfect for both cold and hot drinks alike – no matter the temperature of your drink, the cup won’t melt or get soggy. Furthermore, you can request customization to add a design or logo on these cups to meet your company’s, organization’s, or your own personal preferences.

Pros:

  • Earth’s Natural Alternative Compostable Cups are unbleached, so you can be sure these bamboo-based paper cups are free of unsafe chemicals.
  • Earth’s Natural Alternative pledged a portion of its profits to Ocean Conservancy’s program International Coastal Clean-up, which aims to remove 20 million pounds of trash from the ocean and other water bodies every year.

Cons:

  • These cups come in plastic packaging.
  • These disposable cups are more expensive than other disposable cups

Looking for a larger size? Earth’s Natural Alternative disposable bamboo cups are also available in 16 Oz.  You can also find Earth’s Natural Alternative cups on their website.

Top Picks

Still can’t make up your mind? Here are our top picks for a few different categories.

Most Durable: Earth’s Natural Alternative

Earth’s Natural Alternative cups are without a doubt the most durable and sturdy of our top picks, due to their bamboo fiber material coated with plant-based PLA.

Most Affordable: World Centric

At $255 for 2,000 cups, World Centric No Tree Paper Hot Cups are the most affordable option. Each cup only costs 13 cents. 

Best Overall: Earth’s Natural Alternative

Earth’s Natural Alternative’s compostable hot cups made of bamboo are super durable, available in convenient sizes (12 Oz and 16 Oz), and made of super sustainable materials. We love that the company also participates in programs that provide a direct positive impact on the environment. Plus, you can customize these disposable bamboo cups to make them perfect for any event or business!

Is there hope for a dying river in Kenya's growing capital?

NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — Vultures scavenge for dead animals along a river turned sewer conduit in Kenya’s capital Nairobi. Its waters turn from clear to black as it traverses informal settlements and industrial hubs.

The river and its tributaries cross Kibera, known as Africa’s largest slum with close to 200,000 residents, and other informal settlements. It skirts dozens of factories that manufacture textiles, liquor and building materials. Many have been accused by environmentalists of discharging raw sewage and other pollutants like oil, plastic and glass into the water.

Experts and locals alike fear the water is harming plants in nearby farms that feed residents. Some community-based organizations help clean up the river and the government is also hoping to ramp up efforts. But families in the rapidly growing downstream suburb of Athi River, some 30 kilometers (19 miles) away, say they can no longer rely on the water for basic needs.

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25-year-old Anne Nduta uses the river’s dark waters to wash her babies’ clothes by hand.

“When it rains, the Athi River water is usually full of garbage, and when it clears a bit we use it to wash clothes,” said the mother-of-two. “But as the dry season continues, the water becomes darker in color and we have to start buying expensive borehole water.”

A 20-liter (5-gallon) jerrican of borehole water sells for 20 shillings ($0.16), and Nduta would need four of them to wash her babies’ clothes every three days.

Her problems start upstream, where informal settlements have directed some of their sewer lines straight into the Nairobi River.

The new national government, installed after the August election, says it’s on a mission to clean up the Nairobi River. Nairobi is one of Africa’s fastest growing cities and is struggling to balance the needs of creating jobs and protecting the environment from pollution.

The government has formed a commission whose mandate is to clean up and restore the river basin. No deadline has been announced yet, and no budget. The commission has yet to meet.

Ecologist Stephen Obiero said that sewage in the river used to irrigate farmland can cause “the possibility of contamination of the plant products with bacteria, viruses, protozoa … if not properly handled by the end users.”

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Morris Mutunga grows kale, spinach and amaranth on his five-acre farm in the Athi River area but has watched crops like French beans wither when irrigated with water from the river.

“I wish those polluting this river upstream in Nairobi could stop for the sake of food security in our country,” he said. The region is the source of many vegetables sold in Nairobi markets.

Upstream, some residents of informal settlements, like 36-year-old Violet Ahuga in Korogocho, cannot afford to pay to use modern toilets, so they defecate in bags and throw them in the river. The slum has more than 35,000 adults, according to the 2019 national census.

“My children are too young to go to the bushes alone, so I usually tell them to poop in a bag and I toss it into the river,” said the mother-of-four. “I know what I’m doing is pollution, but there’s no other way because I cannot afford the 850-shilling ($6.85) monthly toilet fee.” Toilets in the settlement are privately run by individuals and organizations.

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Most informal settlements, which house laborers and their families, are not connected to sewer lines and have open trenches where residents pour dirty water that flows into the river.

But Ahuga also relies on the river’s water for her daily income. She uses it to wash plastic bags, which she sells to traders who make reusable baskets with them.

As she splashes the black water on the bags and scrubs them with her feet, she remembers fondly how as a child she used to swim here.

The National Environment Management Authority, which is responsible for managing the river’s water quality standards and issuing discharge licenses, has been accused by some Kenyan parliament members of laxity that has let industries get away with polluting the river.

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Industries along the river include paint manufacturers, dairy factories, solar or lead acid batteries producers among others. Some industries have in the past been closed down for discharging raw sewage into the river.

Heavy metals like lead, barium, iron, aluminum, zinc and copper among others have been found in high levels at different sampling points along the river by various research organizations, including the University of Nairobi’s public health and toxicology department.

Alex Okaru, a public health expert at the University of Nairobi, said high levels of heavy metals in the water, particularly lead and barium, could cause health effects such as liver and kidney damage if consumed.

“It is important to take necessary steps to minimize the release of these two metals into the environment,” Okaru said.

In a parliament committee hearing in 2021, NEMA was accused of not taking action against a distillery that residents said was releasing waste in the Athi River area.

In an interview with The Associated Press, NEMA boss David Ongare acknowledged that few entities are being prosecuted these days but said that’s because the government has been changing its approach to encourage collaboration instead of being combative, which could lead to resistance.

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He said that since the changes were introduced, businesses are coming forward asking for assistance to comply with the body’s directives.

“The cost of non-compliance is becoming very costly because if your enterprise is shut down, by the time you come back to production, you’ve lost customers and your market share,” Ongare said.

He asserted that the environmental body has been constantly monitoring companies with past non-compliance issues and said if any are playing games it would soon catch up with them and action would be taken.

The environmental body also said it acts on all incidents of pollution that are reported by whistleblowers through its various platforms.

Locals and community organizations say another approach to cleaning up the river would be providing modern toilets at little or no cost. The NEMA boss said he hopes the national government’s program to build affordable housing will reduce the number of people living in areas without good sanitation.

In Kibera, a community-based organization called Mazingira Yetu, or Swahili for Our Environment, is trying to address the problem by building 19 modern toilet blocks in collaboration with a government agency, Athi Water.

The organization’s co-founder, Sam Dindi, said they also wanted to prevent plastic and other waste from being dumped in the river.

“The waste is collected and sorted into plastic waste, which is sold to recyclers or upcycled into baskets, and organic waste which is transformed into compost manure,” Dindi said.

The manure is sold to people who have gardens, and some is used to grow tree seedlings that the organization sells. Money generated from Mazingiza Yetu projects is distributed to the youth who work with the organization.

“The idea of introducing a circular economy has worked here,” he said, referring to the group’s small-scale but successful reuse of waste products. “It just needs to be replicated.”

Why many plastic promises are just greenwashing

At this point, there’s no denying that plastic pollution is ubiquitous. It appears in the remote corners of the Earth, the food chain, and even human bodies. To protect human and environmental health, global plastic pollution must be addressed.

With increasing public concern about climate change, companies might face higher expectations regarding corporate responsibility, especially those known to cause significant environmental impacts. 

In a recent One Earth study, the authors looked into the commitments made by the world’s largest companies between 2015 to 2020 to reduce plastic pollution. Based on the study, about 72 percent of the world’s largest companies have made some form of commitment to reducing plastic pollution, which ranges from one line of text to many pages of commitment. 

Although some companies have made commitments in recent years to reduce their plastic footprint, the work doesn’t end there—it’s necessary to analyze how effective they are at reducing plastic pollution. 

Corporate commitments have a limited impact on global plastic pollution

There’s no penalty for not fulfilling a non-binding commitment, especially when it comes from the company itself. It’s important to validate whether or not companies are doing what they actually promise to do, says Shelie Miller, a professor of sustainable systems at the University of Michigan.

Companies’ commitments frequently involve waste reduction strategies, like increasing recycled or recyclable content in packaging and advancing recycling-related efforts, notably paying less attention to how virgin plastic production can be reduced. For example, Nestlé Waters North America—now known as BlueTriton Brands—made a goal in 2008 to double the recycling rates for PET plastic, the kind of plastic used for water bottles, to 60 percent. However, the National Association for PET Container Resources (NAPCOR) reported in 2018 that the average recycling rate of PET bottles hasn’t changed that much over the past decade.

Based on current trends, efforts to improve waste management may be overshadowed by the production and consumption of virgin plastic. Annual virgin plastic production is estimated to increase to 1.1 billion tonnes in 2050. By that time, the petrochemicals used to produce virgin plastic polymers may very well account for nearly half of the growth in oil demand, surpassing trucks, aviation, and shipping.

“We found limited evidence to suggest that corporate commitments are actually reducing the amount of global plastic pollution,” says Zoie Diana, a PhD candidate in the Division of Marine Science and Conservation at Duke University and author of the recent One Earth study. “Unfortunately, we found reports of companies lightweighting plastic.”

Lightweighting is a practice where companies slightly reduce the volume of plastic in their packaging, like making thinner PET bottles or shorter bottle caps, which you’ve probably already noticed in your local grocery store. While it’s good that companies produce lighter and smaller plastic products, if they reinvest their savings into markets that involve new plastic products, they might only increase the total mass of plastic produced, says Diana.

Companies usually strive to increase their sales, so even if less plastic is used per package, the number of packaging units is likely to increase. For instance, products like shampoo or coffee are often sold in tiny packets or sachets, which use more packaging material compared to larger product sizes. In addition, reducing the weight of plastic packaging doesn’t make the product any less likely to become trash.

[Related: A close look at the Great Pacific Garbage Patch reveals a common culprit.]

Sometimes, consumers are misled by products that aren’t as green as they seem. Bioplastics, produced wholly or in part from renewable biomass sources, are considered the more environmentally friendly alternative to petroleum-based plastics. However, they can still contribute to plastic pollution, global warming, and land use because not all bioplastics are the same and they aren’t always biodegradable.

While some bioplastics like those derived from cornstarch decompose in the soil, others only break down at high temperatures or after being treated in a landfill under very specific conditions. Even biodegradable bioplastics can still end up in landfills and produce methane gas as they decompose. Bioplastics made from crops also use up land that could have been used for growing food. It’s important to remember that bioplastics are still just plastics, even if they are made from a different material.

Boxed water products, often touted as an eco-friendly alternative to bottled water due to the paper-based carton packaging, also appear to be better for the environment than they really are. In reality, the cartons aren’t made entirely from paper because they require plastic film and aluminum to waterproof the paper and seal the content. Moreover, they’re not necessarily easier to recycle. Only 60 percent of households in the country have access to carton recycling, whereas 87 percent of the U.S. population has access to a municipal collection of PET bottles.

Companies must reduce plastic production and overall consumption

Although recycling is an important step aimed at reducing plastic pollution, it’s not that effective. A 2017 Science Advances study reported that only nine percent of the plastic ever created had been recycled. Aside from the 12 percent of plastics that were incinerated, this means that all the plastics that were produced remain in landfills or the natural environment, continuing to pollute the planet. Even if recycling efforts were improved, they might be unlikely to keep pace with the growing rate of plastic consumption.

“We suspect that, at best, the emphasis on recycling found in this study reflects industry efforts to raise global recycling rates and, at worst, reflects industry attempts to shift responsibility toward consumers, greenwashing, and potential pre-emption of legislation aimed at reducing plastic pollution,” says Diana.

A number of companies recently explored creative ways to minimize their plastic use. In 2018, brewing company Carlsberg introduced its Snap Pack to dramatically cut plastic waste. They did away with plastic rings by bonding a six-pack of beer cans together with glue instead. When all of their four-, six-, and eight-pack beers globally have been converted to use this innovation, it would save about 1323 tons of plastic annually, the equivalent of around 60 million plastic bags. Meanwhile, Walmart Canada eliminated plastic wraps of organic banana bunches and single peppers in 2019, preventing almost 94,000 kilograms of plastic waste. 

Commitments like lightweighting and more recycling only divert attention from preventive measures that reduce virgin plastic production. The tap on unnecessary plastic production must be turned off, but only three percent of the top 300 companies on the Fortune Global 500 explicitly targeted virgin or newly produced plastics, says Diana. Unilever has a current pledge to halve the amount of virgin plastic they use in their packaging by 2025.

“Many companies focus on making packaging more recyclable or increasing the recycled content in their products,” says Miller. “While these efforts are an improvement over the status quo, they do not fully eliminate the environmental impacts of plastic.”

[Related: Dozens of companies with ‘net-zero’ goals just got called out for greenwashing.]

According to PepsiCo, 87 percent of its packaging is recyclable, compostable, or biodegradable. The multinational food, snack, and beverage corporation hopes to reach 100 percent by 2025. However, Miller notes that improving the ability of packaging to be recycled doesn’t necessarily ensure that it will actually be recycled in practice. Furthermore, a recyclable plastic that escapes waste streams and ends up in the environment can cause just as much ecological damage as a non-recyclable one, she adds.

The environmental impact of plastic pollution can only be partially addressed through improved packaging and recycling efforts because plastics don’t just cause harm when they are discarded. Starting from their production, they already contribute emissions that occur through natural gas extraction and plastic manufacturing. In the United States alone, fossil fuel extraction and production associated with plastic manufacturing contributed at least 9.5 to 10.5 million metric tons of CO2 equivalents back in 2015. Therefore, reducing plastic production and consumption remains to be a critical part of addressing plastic pollution.

“We tend to focus on visible impacts such as solid waste generation, but there are also upstream environmental impacts that are usually invisible to us,” says Miller. “The best way to reduce the environmental impacts of plastic is to reduce overall consumption. Reducing the amount of stuff that we consume is key to reducing environmental impact, not just making it easier to recycle.”